Hydraulic Engineering

Boundary layer is formed due to

1. Surface tension
2. Fluid viscosity
3. Gravity
4. Compressibility

For subcritical flow, Froude number is

1. Greater than 1
2. Equal to 1
3. Less than 1
4. Infinite

Maximum velocity in an open channel generally occurs

1. At the bed
2. At the free surface
3. Slightly below the free surface
4. Near the side wall

In the case of flow over a flat plate the growth of boundary layer (δ/x)

1. Decrease with increase of kinematic viscosity
2. Increases with increase of free stream velocity
3. Decreases with increase of free stream velocity
4. Increases with an increase in the kinematic viscosity in both laminar and turbulent boundary layers

The rate of growth of boundary layer thickness with the longitudinal distance on a flat plate

1. Is faster when boundary layer is laminar than when it is turbulent
2. A faster in a turbulent boundary layer where compared to that in a laminar boundary layer
3. Is same for both laminar and turbulent
4. None of the above

A “wake” is a

1. a disturbed region down stream of seperation
2. Region before stagnation point
3. Point of seperation
4. none

In uniform flow, discharge along the channel length is

1. Increasing
2. Decreasing
3. Constant
4. Zero

Chezy's formula for velocity is

1. V = RS
2. V = RS/C
3. V = C (RS)^0.5
4. V = (R/S)^0.5

In Manning's equation, n represents

1. Hydraulic radius
2. Roughness coefficient
3. Bed Slope
4. Velocity Coefficient

In pipe flow running full, the flow is mainly caused by

1. Atmospheric pressure
2. Gravity only
3. Pressure difference
4. Surface tension

Define boundary layer thickness. Explain how it varies along a flat plate.

Explain Reynolds number and its role in transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer.

Discuss the differences between boundary layer thickness, displacement thickness, and momentum thickness.

Differentiate between natural channels and artificial channels.

Differentiate between uniform flow and non-uniform flow.

Discuss the advantages and limitations of CFD analysis.

A trapezoidal channel has a base width of 8.3 m and sides that rise 1 m vertically for every 2 m horizontally. The depth of flow in the channel is 2.7 m, its gradient is 0.001 and Manning's n is 0.035 s/m^1/3. Determine the mean velocity and discharge in the channel.

Explain subcritical, critical, and supercritical flow conditions with neat and clean diagram.

Explain the specific energy curve with neat sketches.

Explain the significance of Froude number in open channel flow classification.

Derive the condition for maximum discharge in a rectangular channel section under uniform flow.

Define hydraulic jump and explain the phenomenon with neat sketches.

Derive the expression for sequent depth ratio in hydraulic jump.

Compare Venturi flume and Parshall flume

Comparison between Chezy's formula and Manning's formula

Boundary layer control methods

Explain turbulence modeling techniques used in CFD simulations