Thermodynamics

Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change in potential and kinetic energy. The work done in the process is given by

1. −∫pdv
2. +∫pdv
3. −∫vdp
4. +∫vdp

Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic system?

1. Volume
2. Pressure
3. Temperature
4. Density

The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain

1. the final value to be measured
2. 50% of the value of the initial temperature difference
3. 63.2% of the value of the initial temperature difference
4. 98.8% of the value of the initial temperature difference

For the expression ∫pdv to represent the work, which of the following conditions should apply?

1. The system is closed one and process takes place in non-flow system
2. The process is non-quasi static
3. The boundary of the system should not move in order that work may be transferred
4. If the system is open one, it should be non-reversible

For a closed system, the difference between the heat added to the system and the work done by the system is equal to the change in

1. enthalpy
2. entropy
3. temperature
4. internal energy

Change in internal energy in a reversible process occurring in a closed system is equal to the heat transferred, if the process occurs at constant

1. pressure
2. volume
3. temperature
4. enthalpy

A reversible engine operates between temperatures 900 K and T₂ (T₂< 900K), and another reversible engine between T₂ and 400 K (T₂> 400K) in series. What is the value of T₂ if work outputs of both the engines are equal?

1. 600 K
2. 625 K
3. 650 K
4. 675 K

A Carnot engine operates between 327^\circC and 27^\circC. If the engine produces 300 kJ of work, what is the entropy change during heat addition?

1. 5 kJ/K
2. 0 kJ/K
3. 5 kJ/K
4. 0 kJ/K

In which one of the following situations the entropy change will be negative?

1. Air expands isothermally from 6 bars to 3 bars
2. Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
3. Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three folds
4. Air expands isentropically from 6 bars to 3 bars

Neglecting changes in kinetic energy and potential energy, for unit mass the availability in a non-flow process becomes a =φ−φ₀, where φ is the availability function of the

1. open system
2. closed system
3. isolated system
4. steady flow process

Define thermodynamic equilibrium. With the help of practical example, explain the phenomenon of achieving a thermodynamic equilibrium of system.

1 m³ of an ideal gas at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed adiabatically to 8 bars. It is then cooled at constant volume and expanded isothermally so as to reach the condition from where it started. Calculate (i) pressure at the end of constant volume cooling, (ii) change in internal energy during constant volume process and (iii) net work done and heat transferred during the cycle.

What is SFEE? Derive the SFEE equation of an open system.

Air at a temperature of 20^\circC passes through a heat exchanger at a velocity of 40 m/s where its temperature is raised to 820^\circC. It then enters a turbine with same velocity of 40 m/s and expands till the temperature falls to 620^\circC. On leaving the turbine, the air is taken at a velocity of 55 m/s to a nozzle where it expands until the temperature has fallen to 510^\circC. If the air flow rate is 2.5 kg/s calculate (i) rate of heat transfer to the air in the heat exchanger, (ii) the power output from the turbine assuming no heat loss, (iii) the velocity at exit from the nozzle, assuming no heat loss. Take the enthalpy of air as h = C_pt, where C_p is the specific heat equal to 1.005 kJ/kg^\circC and t be the temperature.

Draw a neat sketch of throttling calorimeter and explain how dryness fraction of steam is determined. Clearly explain its limitations.

A quantity of steam at 13 bars and 0.8 dryness occupies 0.1 m³. Determine the heat supplied to raise the temperature of the steam to 250^\circC at constant pressure and percentage of this heat which appears as external work. Take specific heat for superheated steam as 2.2 kJ/kgK.

Prove the equivalence of Clausius statement to the Kelvin-Planck statement with schematic diagram.

A reversible heat pump is used to maintain a temperature of 0^\circC in a refrigerator when it rejects the heat to the surroundings at 25^\circC. (i) If the heat removal rate from the refrigerator is 1440 kJ/min, determine the COP of the machine and work input required. (ii) If the required input to run the pump is developed by a reversible engine which receives heat at 380^\circC and rejects heat to atmosphere, then determine the overall COP of the system.

Derive expressions for entropy changes for a closed system in the cases- (i) general case for change of entropy of a gas, (ii) heating a gas at constant volume and (iii) heating a gas at constant pressure.

2 m³ of air is heated reversibly at constant pressure from 300 K to 600 K, and is then cooled reversibly at constant volume back to initial temperature. If the initial pressure is 1 bar, calculate (i) the net heat flow, (ii) the overall change in entropy. Represent the processes on T-S plot.

Deduce an expression for decrease in available energy when heat is transferred through a finite temperature difference.

8 kg of air at 650 K and 5.5 bars pressure is enclosed in a closed system. If the atmospheric temperature and pressure are 300 K and 1 bar respectively, determine (i) the availability if the system goes through the ideal work producing process, (ii) the availability and effectiveness if the air is cooled at constant pressure to atmospheric temperature without bringing it to complete dead state. Take C_v= 0.718kJ/kgK; C_p= 1.005kJ/kgK.

A mass of air initially at 260^\circC and a pressure of 6.86 bars has a volume of 0.03 m³. The air is expanded at constant pressure to 0.09 m³ a polytropic process with n = 1.5 is then carried out, followed by a constant temperature process which completes the cycle. All processes are reversible. Find (i) the heat received and rejected in the cycle, (ii) the efficiency of the cycle. Show the cycle on p-v and T-s planes.

A steel flask of 0.04 m³ capacity is to be used to store nitrogen at 120 bars, 20^\circC. The flask is to be protected against excessive pressure by a fusible plug which will melt and allow the gas to escape if the temperature rises too high. (i) How many kg of nitrogen will the flask hold at the designed conditions? (ii) At what temperature must the fusible plug melt in order to limit the pressure of a full flask to a maximum of 150 bars?

Define the following: (i) Dew-point temperature (ii) Relative humidity (iii) Degree of saturation

On a particular day, the atmospheric air was found to have a dry bulb temperature of 30^\circC and a wet bulb temperature of 18^\circC. The barometric pressure was observed to be 756 mm of Hg. Using the tables of psychrometric properties of air, determine the relative humidity, the specific humidity, the dew-point temperature, the enthalpy of air per kg of dry air and the volume of mixture per kg of dry air.