Aeronautical Engineering — 7th Semester Syllabus

Unit 1.0: Fundamental Concepts

Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: Scope and importance of CFD in aerospace and engineering applications • Relation between experimental • Analytical • And computational approaches • Fundamental assumptions: continuum hypothesis and Newtonian fluid model • Types of fluid flows: incompressible vs. compressible • Viscous vs. inviscid • Steady vs. unsteady • Basic Equations of Fluid Dynamics: Derivation and physical meaning of governing equations: continuity • Momentum • And energy • Integral and differential forms of conservation equations • Navier-Stokes equations and simplifying assumptions for laminar and inviscid flows • Role of viscosity • Pressure • And energy terms in governing flow behavior • Mathematical Classification of Fluid Flow Equations: Nature and classification of partial differential equations: elliptic • Parabolic • And hyperbolic • Physical interpretation of each PDE type and examples (Laplace • Diffusion • Wave equations) • Relevance of equation type to steady and unsteady flow problems • Mathematical behavior and numerical implications for each class • Well-Posed Problems and Boundary Conditions: Definition and importance of well-posedness: existence • Uniqueness • And stability of solutions • Classification of boundary conditions: Dirichlet • Neumann • And mixed • Selection of initial and boundary conditions for subsonic and supersonic flows • Impact of improper boundary specification on numerical convergence • Discretization of Partial Differential Equations: Concept and purpose of discretization in CFD • Finite difference approximations: forward • Backward • And central difference schemes • Taylor series expansion and truncation error analysis • Consistency • Accuracy • And convergence of discretized equations • Transformations and Computational Grids: Coordinate transformations: Cartesian • Curvilinear • And body-fitted coordinates • Structured and unstructured grid systems - advantages and limitations • Grid generation techniques and mesh quality criteria • Grid refinement and independence testing • Explicit Finite Difference Methods for Flow Problems: Time-dependent discretization: explicit time-marching methods • Application to model equations for subsonic • Supersonic • And viscous flows • Stability analysis: Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition and von Neumann method • Limitations and practical implementation of explicit schemes • Numerical Stability • Convergence • And Accuracy: Relationship between stability • Consistency • And convergence (Lax equivalence theorem) • Sources of numerical errors: truncation • Round-off • And boundary approximations • Influence of grid resolution and time-step size on solution accuracy • Guidelines for achieving stable and convergent CFD simulations

Unit 2.0: Panel Methods

Introduction to Panel Methods: Concept of potential flow and its relevance to inviscid • Incompressible external aerodynamics • Simplification of flow field using Laplace's equation • Representation of body surfaces by distributed singularities (sources and vortices) • Importance of panel methods in aerodynamic analysis and design • Source Panel Method: Fundamentals of source singularity distribution along surface panels • Mathematical formulation of source strength and potential function • Enforcement of no-penetration boundary condition on non-lifting bodies • Computation of surface velocity and pressure coefficient for symmetric airfoils and bodies of revolution • Practical examples and limitations of the source panel approach • Vortex Panel Method: Need for vortex distribution to model circulation and lift in aerodynamic flows • Mathematical formulation of vortex panels and determination of vortex strength • Application of Kutta condition for trailing-edge flow • Calculation of lift • Pressure distribution • And streamline patterns for airfoils • Extension to combined source-vortex panel methods for more accurate modeling • Applications of Panel Methods: Use of panel methods for airfoil and wing performance prediction • Application to fuselage and external flow problems in aerospace and marine contexts • Comparison with finite difference / finite volume CFD methods in terms of computational cost and accuracy • Advantages and limitations in practical aerodynamic design and preliminary analysis

Unit 3.0: Discretization

Boundary Layer Equations and Methods of Solution: Derivation and physical interpretation of boundary layer equations from Navier-Stokes equations • Simplifying assumptions for laminar and turbulent boundary layers • Numerical approaches for boundary layer solution: finite difference and implicit schemes • Application to compressible and incompressible flows • Implicit Time-Dependent Methods for Inviscid and Viscous Flows: Concept of implicit discretization and its importance for stiff equations • Formulation of implicit schemes for inviscid and viscous compressible flows • Comparison between explicit and implicit time-marching methods • Advantages in terms of stability and convergence for high-speed flow computations • Concept of Numerical Dissipation: Definition and physical interpretation of numerical dissipation (artificial viscosity) • Role in damping oscillations and stabilizing high-speed flow simulations • Balancing accuracy and stability through controlled dissipation • Example of artificial viscosity terms in compressible flow solvers • Stability Properties of Explicit and Implicit Methods: Review of stability • Consistency • And convergence for time-dependent schemes • Von Neumann stability analysis and Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition • Comparison of stability limits for explicit and implicit discretization methods • Practical criteria for selecting time steps and spatial resolution • Conservative Upwind Discretization for Hyperbolic Systems: Formulation of upwind differencing schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws • Concept of information propagation direction and characteristic speeds • Conservation form of finite difference equations for compressible flows • Role of flux vector splitting and Riemann solvers in upwind schemes • Advantages of Upwind Differencing Techniques: Comparison of upwind differencing with central differencing in terms of stability and accuracy • Reduction of numerical oscillations near shocks and discontinuities • Enhanced shock-capturing and monotonicity-preserving properties • Importance in modern CFD solvers for aerospace and turbomachinery flows

Unit 4.0: Finite Element Techniques

Introduction to Finite Element Techniques in CFD: Overview of finite element method (FEM) and its role in computational fluid dynamics • Comparison of FEM with finite difference and finite volume methods • Importance of FEM in solving complex geometries and boundary-dominated problems • Applications of FEM in incompressible and compressible flow simulations • Strong and Weak Formulations of Boundary Value Problems: Definition and derivation of strong formulation for differential equations • Introduction to weak formulation and its necessity in numerical analysis • Concept of test functions and weighting functions in weak form derivation • Physical interpretation of weak forms for fluid flow problems • Weighted Residual and Galerkin Formulations: General concept of weighted residual methods for approximate solutions • Types of weighting techniques: Collocation • Subdomain • Least Squares • And Galerkin • Derivation of the Galerkin formulation from the weighted residual approach • Application of the Galerkin method to ID convection-diffusion problems • Weak and Variational Formulations: Relationship between weak and variational formulations • Application of the principle of minimum potential energy • Role of boundary and initial conditions in variational methods • Advantages of variational formulations in ensuring solution smoothness and convergence • Piecewise-Defined Shape Functions: Concept of domain discretization into elements • Construction of shape (interpolation) functions for linear and quadratic elements • Properties of shape functions: continuity • Completeness • And compatibility • Evaluation of element matrices and assembly of the global system • Implementation of the Finite Element Method (FEM): Step-by-step procedure for FEM implementation in CFD: Discretization of domain • Selection of shape functions • Formulation of element equations • Assembly of global equations • Application of boundary conditions • Integration over elements using Gaussian quadrature • Numerical examples and discussion of computational efficiency • The Solution Procedure and Post-Processing: Matrix formation and solution of algebraic equations using direct and iterative methods • Handling of symmetric and sparse matrices • Post-processing: velocity • Pressure • And temperature field reconstruction • Accuracy • Convergence • And verification of FEM solutions

Unit 5.0: Finite Volume Formulations I

Introduction to Finite Volume Techniques: Concept and principle of conservation over a finite control volume • Derivation of finite volume formulations from the integral form of governing equations • Comparison of finite volume • Finite difference • And finite element methods • Applications of finite volume approach in compressible and incompressible flow solvers • Cell-Centered Formulation: Structure of control volumes around cell centers • Evaluation of fluxes through cell faces and formulation of discrete conservation equations • Role of cell-centered storage in structured and unstructured grids • Implementation aspects in compressible flow solvers • Time-Stepping Techniques: Lax-Wendroff and Runge-Kutta Methods: Lax-Wendroff scheme: formulation • Second-order accuracy • And stability aspects • Runge-Kutta time-stepping: multi-stage explicit schemes for time advancement • Comparison of Lax-Wendroff and Runge-Kutta schemes in terms of accuracy and computational cost • Applications in unsteady flow and shock-capturing problems • Multi-Stage Time-Stepping and Accuracy Considerations: Concept of multi-stage integration for improving temporal accuracy • Stability limits and convergence behavior of multi-stage methods • Order of accuracy and truncation error estimation • Practical guidelines for selecting time-step size and scheme parameters • Cell-Vertex Formulation: Difference between cell-centered and cell-vertex storage approaches • Advantages of vertex-based formulations for gradient evaluation and flux interpolation • Applications in finite volume schemes for unstructured grids • Use in aerofoil and curved surface flow simulations

Unit 6.0: Finite Volume Formulations II

FDM-like Finite Volume Techniques: Relationship between finite difference and finite volume formulations • Derivation of FDM-like schemes preserving flux conservation and numerical stability • Hybrid methods combining the benefits of both formulations • Examples of simple FDM-like discretizations for diffusion and advection equations • Central and Upwind Type Discretization: Concept of information propagation direction in flow fields • Central differencing: accuracy • Simplicity • And limitations • Upwind differencing: stability and robustness in convective-dominated problems • Flux vector splitting and Roe's scheme concepts • Treatment of Derivatives in Finite Volume Methods: Gradient and divergence approximations within a control volume • Use of Green-Gauss and least squares methods for derivative evaluation • Ensuring conservation and consistency across cell interfaces • Impact of derivative accuracy on solution stability and convergence

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Airline Industry

Evolution of air transport industry - Global and Indian scenario • Organizational structures of airlines Full-service carriers vs. low-cost carriers • Airline economics and cost structures • Functions of commercial • Operational • And ground handling divisions

Unit 2.0: Airline Operations & Management

Fleet planning and route planning • Airline scheduling • Slot allocation • And hub-and-spoke systems • Yield management and revenue optimization • Cargo operations and ancillary revenue sources

Unit 3.0: Airport Planning & Infrastructure

Airport classification and ownership models • Airside facilities runways • Taxiways • Aprons • Terminal facilities design concepts • Capacity planning • Passenger flow management • Airport support services - ATC • Firefighting • Ground handling

Unit 4.0: Airport Operations & Safety Management

Airport operations: check-in • Security • Baggage handling • Boarding • Safety and emergency planning - ICAO • IATA • DGCA regulations • Airport certification and audits • Case studies on airport efficiency and disruptions

Unit 5.0: Emerging Trends & Sustainability I

Digital transformation in airlines and airports (AI • IoT • Biometrics) • Sustainable airport design and green initiatives

Unit 6.0: Emerging Trends & Sustainability II

Future of air transport: urban air mobility • Drones • And eVTOLs • Challenges of post-pandemic recovery and resilience

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Aviation Fuels

Classification of aviation fuels Avgas and Jet fuels • Composition and refining process • Physical and chemical properties • ASTM specifications • Comparison of gasoline and kerosene fuels • Storage • Handling • And contamination control

Unit 2.0: Combustion Fundamentals

Stoichiometric combustion • Air-fuel ratio • Equivalence ratio • Adiabatic flame temperature • Reaction kinetics • Ignition delay • Flammability limits • Combustion efficiency • Chemical equilibrium in combustion

Unit 3.0: Combustion in Aircraft Engines

Combustion systems in gas turbine engines • Flame stability • Combustor configurations • Fuel-air mixing • Combustion efficiency • Emission formation • Performance testing and analysis

Unit 4.0: Fuel Additives

Types and role of additives • Anti-oxidants • Anti-knock agents • Icing inhibitors • Corrosion preventers

Unit 5.0: Alternative Fuels

Introduction to biofuels • Synthetic fuels • Hydrogen • And cryogenic fuels • Environmental aspects and emission control technologies

Unit 6.0: Fuel Testing and Performance Evaluation

Fuel characterization techniques • Calorific value determination • Viscosity • Flash point • Fire point • Density • Volatility • And freezing point • ASTM testing methods and interpretation of results

Unit 1.0: Introduction

Concepts of flight simulation and analysis- classification and uses • Coordinate systems (body • Wind • Stability axes) • Euler angles and transformation matrices • Equations of kinematics

Unit 2.0: Equation of Motion

Derivation of translational and rotational equations of motion • Derive aerodynamic • Propulsive • And gravitational forces and moments equations • Small perturbation theory • Linearization about steady flight • State-space representation

Unit 3.0: Stability and Control Derivatives I

Longitudinal and lateral-directional dynamics • Determination of stability derivatives pilot and autopilot models

Unit 4.0: Stability and Control Derivatives II

Dynamic modes of motion (phugoid • Short period • Dutch roll • Spiral • Roll) Control Surface modeling

Unit 5.0: 6-DOF Simulation and Numerical Methods

Derive 6-DOF rigid body mode • Modeling of sensors and actuators • Pilot and autopilot models • Real-time simulation aspects

Unit 6.0: Simulation Applications and Validation

Simulation of control inputs • Transient response • Case studies (transport aircraft • UAV • Fighter) • Comparison with flight test data • Model verification and validation

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Rockets and Missiles

Classification and Configurations • Mission Roles and Application Scope • Missile Subsystems Overview • Comparison of Rockets vs Missiles • Trends in Rocket/Missile Development

Unit 2.0: Stability and Control of Rockets and Missiles I

Static Margin and Natural Stability • Control Techniques and Stability Derivatives

Unit 3.0: Stability and Control of Rockets and Missiles II

Lateral/Directional Modes and Manoeuvring Control • Role of Guidance in Stability Feedback Loops • Stability During Powered vs Ballistic Flight

Unit 4.0: Launch and Recovery Systems

Launch Phases and Ground Support Systems • Boost and Coasting Flight Performance • Re-entry Heating and Recovery Mechanisms • Multi-stage Separation Techniques

Unit 5.0: Trajectory Analysis and Guidance Systems

Fundamentals of Missile Guidance • Interception and Miss Distance Calculations • Inertial and Satellite Navigation Integration • Motion Modelling and Trajectory Simulations

Unit 6.0: Design Considerations in Propulsion and Materials

Thrust Vector Control and Termination • Thermal Protection Systems and TPS Design • Cryogenic and High-Temperature Materials • Engine Integration and Mounting Concepts

Unit 1.0: Introduction to Quality in Aerospace

Evolution of quality concepts: quality inspection • Quality control • Quality assurance • And total quality management (TQM) • Role of quality in airworthiness • Flight safety • And reliability • Aerospace regulatory bodies and standards: DGCA • FAA • EASA • ICAO • ISO 9001 • AS9100 Quality documentation: manuals • Procedures • Inspection checklists • Certification records • Case studies: aircraft accidents/failures due to poor quality practices and lessons learned

Unit 2.0: Quality Control Techniques and Statistical Methods

Principles of aerospace quality control and inspection planning • Statistical Quality Control (SQC): measures of variation • Control charts (X-bar • Process capability indices (Cp • Cpk) • Acceptance sampling methods: single • Double • And sequential sampling plans • Measurement System Analysis (MSA): calibration • Gage R&R • Traceability in aerospace metrology • Practical applications: inspection of aerospace components and sub-assemblies

Unit 3.0: Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) and Reliability Engineering

Introduction to NDT: principles • Advantages • Limitations • Techniques: radiographic testing • Ultrasonic testing • Eddy current testing • Magnetic particle inspection • Dye penetrant testing • Thermography • Standards and certification for NDT personnel (NAS-410 • EN 4179) • Reliability concepts: MTBF • MTTF • Hazard rate • Reliability block diagrams • Reliability tools: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) • Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) • Applications in aircraft structures • Engines • Composites • And avionics

Unit 4.0: Quality Assurance Systems and Certification

Concepts of quality assurance in aerospace manufacturing and MRO • Aerospace Quality Management Systems (QMS): ISO 9001 • AS9100 Rev D • EASA Part-145 • Audit processes: internal audits • Supplier audits • Regulatory audits • Corrective and preventive actions (CAPA) • Root cause analysis (RCA) • Certification processes for aerospace materials • Components • And systems Case studies: QA practices in aircraft OEMs and MRO facilities

Unit 5.0: Modern Practices and Future Trends in Aerospace Quality I

Continuous improvement methodologies: Lean • Six Sigma • Kaizen in aerospace • Digital quality assurance: Industry 4.0 • IoT • Blockchain for traceability • AI for defect detection • Predictive maintenance and quality integration with digital twins • Sustainability and environmental considerations in aerospace QA (green manufacturing • Eco-friendly materials)

Unit 6.0: Modern Practices and Future Trends in Aerospace Quality II

Future challenges: quality assurance for UAVs • EVTOLs • And space vehicles • Case studies: Boeing 787 Dreamliner & Airbus A350 quality challenges

Unit 1.0: Aircraft Systems Overview and Control Mechanisms

Explain the roles and types of aircraft control systems including mechanical • Powered • And digital fly-by-wire • Describe the operational principles of autopilot systems and their role in aircraft stability and control • Identify the modeling methods of aircraft electrical systems using force-voltage and force-current analogies • Compare control system configurations used in civil vs. military aircraft

Unit 2.0: Hydraulic, Pneumatic, and Landing Gear Systems

Describe the layout and working principles of hydraulic systems used in flight control surfaces • Explain the function and advantages of pneumatic systems in aircraft • Analyze the working of air pressure-based systems for braking and actuation • Classify various types of landing gear systems and assess their design criteria

Unit 3.0: Fuel, Lubrication, and Powerplant Support Systems

Identify and distinguish between fuel system configurations for piston and jet engines • Illustrate the operation of lubrication systems including dry sump and wet sump types • Understand ignition and starting system mechanisms in various engine types • Apply knowledge to analyze reliability and redundancy in fuel and lubrication systems

Unit 4.0: Aircraft Instruments and Avionics Interfaces

Describe and classify flight instruments (altimeters • Gyros • Mach meters • Etc.) based on operational principles • Understand the structure and application of digital cockpit instrumentation systems • Explain the working principles and integration of CRT • FLIR • And NVG-based human-machine interfaces • Interpret basic signal encoding formats and their roles in avionics

Unit 5.0: Communication

Understand the working and limitations of aircraft communication systems including HF • VHF • UHF • And SATCOM • Describe collision avoidance systems such as TCAS and their integration in civil aircraft

Unit 6.0: Navigation Avionics

Analyze various radio navigation technologies like GPS • DME • VOR • LORAN • And their principles of operation • Explain interrogator and transponder functionalities in airborne navigation systems

Unit 1.0: Systems with One Degree of Freedom

Degrees of Freedom: Definition and examples • Equations of Motion: Newton's laws and Energy method • General Solution: Free and forced vibration response • Steady-State Analysis: Amplitude and phase in harmonic loading • System Types: Rectilinear and rotational • Vibrations: Free & forced (undamped and damped) • D'Alembert's Principle and Virtual Displacement • Lagrange's Equation: Derivation and application • Generalized Forces: Concept and formulation

Unit 2.0: Systems with Two Degrees of Freedom

Undamped free vibrations of 2-DOF systems • Principal modes and mode shapes • Semi-definitive systems: special characteristics • Steady-state undamped forced vibrations • Damped free vibrations in 2-DOF systems • Steady-state forced vibrations with damping • Influence coefficients and their significance • Generalized coordinates and coordinate coupling • Principal coordinates for decoupling equations • Orthogonality of principal modes of vibration

Unit 3.0: Multi-Degree of Freedom System I

Matrix method for formulating equations of motion • Free vibrations of multi-DOF systems • Principal modes and mode shapes • Normal coordinates for system decoupling • Orthogonality of principal modes of vibration • Semi-definitive systems and their characteristics

Unit 4.0: Multi-Degree of Freedom System II

Systems with equal natural frequencies • Influence coefficients and their role in system response • Determination of natural frequencies and modes using matrix iteration • Damped free vibrations in multi-DOF systems • Forced vibrations and response analysis

Unit 5.0: Aeroelasticity

Definition of aeroelasticity and its historical background • Static aeroelastic phenomena (divergence • Control reversal) • Dynamic aeroelastic phenomena (flutter • Buffeting • Stall flutter) • Integration of aerodynamic • Elastic • And inertial forces

Unit 6.0: Aeroelasticity

Influence of aeroelastic effects on aircraft design • Comparison and evaluation of critical speeds • Flutter phenomenon and analysis for aircraft wings • Flutter analysis for a cantilever wing • Approximate determination of critical speed using Galerkin's method • Introduction to buffeting and stall flutter.