Electronics & Comm. Eng. • 4th SemesterCore / Standard CurriculumChange Track

Electronics & Comm. Eng. — 4th Semester Syllabus

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Credits Allocation Table (L-T-P Structure)

Course Title	Code	L	T	P	Credits
Analog Electronics and Integrated Circuits	104401	3	0	0	3
Digital Circuits	104402	3	0	0	3
Electromagnetic Field Theory	104403	3	1	0	4
Analog Communication	104404	3	0	0	3
Electronics Materials and Instrumentation	104405	3	0	0	3
NPTEL-I (Open Course)	104406	-	-	-	3
Analog Electronics and Integrated Circuits Lab	104401P	0	0	2	1
Digital Circuits Lab	104402P	0	0	2	1
Analog Communication Lab	104404P	0	0	2	1
Electronics Materials and Instrumentation Lab	104405P	0	0	2	1
TOTAL	-	-	-	-	23

Analog Electronics and Integrated Circuits

104401

Theory Course • 6 Units

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Unit 1.0: Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifier Circuits

Small signal operation
Hybrid and re model
Frequency response analysis in different configurations
High frequency analysis of BJT
Miller effect
Analysis of Multistage amplifier
Frequency response of cascaded stages
Cascode amplifier
Darlington amplifier

Unit 2.0: Field Effect Transistor Amplifier Circuits

Small signal operation
Frequency response analysis in different configurations
High frequency model of the MOSFET
High frequency response of CS and CE amplifiers

Unit 3.0: Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators

Classification and representation of amplifiers
Feedback concept
General Characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers
Properties of feedback amplifier topologies
Oscillators: Sinusoidal oscillators
Barkhausen Criterion
Analysis and design of RC phase shift oscillator
Wien bridge oscillators
Resonant circuit oscillators
General form of oscillator circuit (Hartley & Colpitts)
Crystal oscillators

Unit 4.0: Power Amplifier

Series-Fed Class A Amplifier
Transformer coupled Class A Amplifier
Class B amplifier Circuit and Operation
Amplifier Distortion
Push-Pull and Complementary Push-Pull Amplifiers
Power Transistor Heat Sinking
Class C and Class D Amplifier

Unit 5.0: Operational Amplifier

Ideal Operational Amplifier characteristics
General operational amplifier stages and internal circuit diagrams of IC 741
DC and AC performance characteristics
Frequency response of OP-Amp
Applications of OP-Amp- Inverting and Non-inverting Amplifier
V to I and I to V converter
Logarithmic amplifier
Antilogarithmic amplifier
Instrumentation amplifier

Unit 6.0: Application of Op-Amp and Special ICs

Comparator
Schmitt Trigger
555 Timer
Multivibrators
Precision rectifier
First and Second Order Active Filters
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (IC 566)
Phase Lock Loop (IC 565)
LM 3805
IC8038

Digital Circuits

104402

Theory Course • 6 Units

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Unit 1.0: Number System

Binary Codes: BCD code
Excess-3 code
Gray-code
Complements: Signed magnitude
R's complement
(r-1)'s complement

Unit 2.0: Boolean Laws and Theorems

Logic Gate: Basic
Universal and Others
Truth TableLogic Functions
Conversion of Logic Functions into truth table and vice versa
SOP and POS forms of Representation
Canonical form
Minterm and maxterms
Simplification of Logic Functions by Theorems and Karnaugh's Map
Don't Care Conditions

Unit 3.0: Combinational Circuits

Adders: Half Adder
Full Adder
Parallel Adder
Carry Look ahead Adder
Subtractors: Half subtractor
Full subtractor
Multiplexer: 2x1
4x1 and design of 8x1 multiplexer
Demultiplexer
Decoder
Encoder and comparator

Unit 4.0: Sequential Circuit

Latches
Flip-Flops SR
D and T Flip Flop
Race around Condition
Master-Slave flip flop
Shift Registers
Counters- Synchronous and Asynchronous: Design of Ripple Counter
Finite state machines

Unit 5.0: Data Converter

Digital to Analog Converter
Binary-Weighted Resistors DAC
R-2R Ladder DAC
Analog to digital converters
Counter types ADC
Successive Approximation ADC
Dual Slope ADC
Flash ADC

Unit 6.0: Logic Families & Semiconductor Memories

Characteristics of Digital ICs: Propagation delay
Power dissipation
Figure of Merit
Fan-out
Noise immunity
Wired-logic capability
Transistor-Transistor Logic
Emitter-Coupled Logic
MOS Logic
CMOS Logic
Transmission Gate
Comparison between logic families RAM
ROM
PLA
PAL
Circuit Implementation using ROM
PLA and PAL

Electromagnetic Field Theory

104403

Theory Course • 6 Units

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Unit 1.0: Vector Calculus and Coordinate System

Introduction to Vector Algebra
Coordinate Systems (rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical) and Transformation
Vector calculus-differentiation
Partial differentiation
Integration
Vector operator del
Gradient
Divergence
And curl
Integral theorems of vectors

Unit 2.0: Electrostatics

Coulomb's law
Gauss's law and its applications
Electric field intensity
Electrical field due to point charges
Line
Surface and Volume charge distributions
Absolute Electric potential
Potential difference
Calculation of potential differences for different configurations
Poisson's and Laplace's equation
Applications (solution for some simple cases)
Capacitance
Electrostatic energy
Conductor properties and Uniqueness Theorem

Unit 3.0: Magnetostatics

Biot-Savart law
Ampere's circuital law
Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
Energy stored in magnetic field
Ampere's force law
Magnetic vector potential
Analogy between electric and magnetic field
Maxwell's equations in differential and integral form

Unit 4.0: Maxwell's Equations and Time-Varying Field

Faraday's law
Transformer and motional EMF
Displacement current
Maxwell's equations in time static and time varying field
Time harmonic field
Dielectric and Magnetic boundary condition

Unit 5.0: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Different Media

Uniform Plane Wave Propagation
Wave Propagation in Free Space
Dielectric and Conductor
Skin Effect
Wave Polarization
Plane of incidence
Reflection of Plane wave (at normal and oblique) for conductor and dielectric
Surface Impedance
Poynting Vector: Poynting Theorem
Instantaneous
Average and Complex Poynting Vector
Power Loss in Plane Conductor

Unit 6.0: Transmission Lines

Introduction
Concept of distributed elements
Equations of voltage and current
Standing waves and Reflection Coefficient
Lossless and low-loss transmission lines
Power transfer on a transmission line
Transmission line calculations with the help of Smith chart
Applications of transmission line
Impedance matching using transmission lines

Analog Communication

104404

Theory Course • 6 Units

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Unit 1.0: Introduction to Communication Systems

Basic components of communication systems
Types of communication: Analog vs. Digital
Bandwidth requirements and frequency spectrum and Modulation and its necessity

Unit 2.0: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Systems

Principles of amplitude modulation
DSB-SC
SSB
And VSB modulation techniques
Generation and detection of AM and DSB
AM waveforms and frequency spectrum
Modulation index and power relations and AM transmitters and receivers

Unit 3.0: Angle Modulation

FM and PM
Transmission FM spectra
Carson 's rule
Narrow band
And wide band FM Generation of FM by Direct Methods
Indirect Generation of FM
The Armstrong Method
Direct Methods of Frequency Demodulation
Slope Detector
Foster Seely or Phase Discriminator
Indirect methods of FM Demodulation
FM Detector using PLL
Comparison of FM and PM

Unit 4.0: Receivers

Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receiver
Basic Elements of AM Super-heterodyne receiver
RF Amplifiers Characteristics Sensitivity
Selectivity
Image Frequency Rejection
Mixers Tracking and Alignment
Local Oscillator
IF Amplifier
AGC
AM Receiver using Transistors Communication Receiver
FM Receiver

Unit 5.0: Noise in Communication Systems

Types of noise: thermal
Shot
And flicker noise
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and its impact on system performance
Noise figure and noise temperature and Noise in AM and FM systems Pre emphasis and de-emphasis

Unit 6.0: Pulse Modulation Technique

Pulse Modulation techniques - Sampling Process
PAM
PWM and PPM concepts
Methods of generation and detection
Noise performance

Electronics Materials and Instrumentation

104405

Theory Course • 6 Units

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Unit 1.0: Electronic Materials

Atomic structure and bonding in materials
Crystal structure of materials
Crystal systems
Determination of structures of simple crystals by X-ray diffraction
Miller indices of planes and directions
Packing geometry in Metallic
Ionic and Covalent solids
Concept of amorphous
Single and polycrystalline structures and their effect on properties of materials
Insulator
Semiconductor
And conductor

Unit 2.0: Electronic Material Properties

Polarization
Dielectric constant at low frequency & high frequency
Dielectric loss
Piezoelectricity & Ferroelectricity
Origin of magnetism in metallic and ceramic materials
Para magnetism
Diamagnetism
Antiferromagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Ferrimagnetism
Magnetic hysteresis
Influence of temperature on magnetic behavior
Domains and Hysteresis
Superconductors
Meissner effect
Applications

Unit 3.0: Measurement and Error

Sensitivity
Resolution
Accuracy and Precision
Absolute and Relative types of errors
Statistical analysis
Probability of Limiting errors
Linearity
Instruments: Current and Resistance in instruments
Analog and Digital Multimeters
Measurement of time and Frequency - Digital Frequency Meter and applications

Unit 4.0: Impedance Measurement

Kelvin Bridge
Megger
Maxwell
Hay and Sheering Bridges
Q-meter
Noise and Interference reduction techniques in Measurement Systems
Wave Analyzer
Spectrum Analyzer
FFT Analyzer
Oscilloscopes: Pulse Measurements
Delayed Time Base
Analog Storage
Sampling and Digital Storage Oscilloscopes

Unit 5.0: Transducers

Classification and selection of Transducers
Introduction to Strain
Load
Force
Displacement
Velocity
Acceleration
Pressure and Temperature Measurements
Introduction to Smart sensors and MEMS

Unit 6.0: Introduction to Data Acquisition Systems (DAS)

Block Diagram
Specifications and various components of DAS
Applications of DAS in various fields

NPTEL-I (Open Course)

104406

Theory Course • 1 Units

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NPTEL (Open Course) Guidelines:

NPTEL (Open Course) should be taken from the course other than core subjects of the branch.

Analog Electronics and Integrated Circuits Lab

104401P

Laboratory Subject • 1 Units

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Topics Part 1

Study of single stage RC coupled amplifier. Its frequency response and effect of emitter bypass capacitor.
(a) Design of a first order RC Low Pass filter circuit & observing its frequency response and time response. (b) Design of a first order RC high pass filter circuit & observing its frequency response and time response.
Study of class B push-pull amplifier
Study inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier and voltage follower using op amp IC741.
(a) To measure slew rate of Op-Amp, (b) To measure full-power & unity gain bandwidth of Op-Amp
Application to Op-Amp (a) adder, (b) subtractor, (c) integrator and differentiator using op-amp IC741and observe output waveform for different input waveform.
To study the performance of instrumentation amplifier using op-amp IC741.
To study RC phase-shift oscillators using op-amp IC741.
To study the Wien-bridge oscillators using op-amp IC741.
To study Schmitt trigger circuits using op-amp IC741

Prescribed Experiments

Study of single stage RC coupled amplifier. Its frequency response and effect of emitter bypass capacitor.
(a) Design of a first order RC Low Pass filter circuit & observing its frequency response and time response. (b) Design of a first order RC high pass filter circuit & observing its frequency response and time response.
Study of class B push-pull amplifier
Study inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier and voltage follower using op amp IC741.
(a) To measure slew rate of Op-Amp, (b) To measure full-power & unity gain bandwidth of Op-Amp
Application to Op-Amp (a) adder, (b) subtractor, (c) integrator and differentiator using op-amp IC741and observe output waveform for different input waveform.
To study the performance of instrumentation amplifier using op-amp IC741.
To study RC phase-shift oscillators using op-amp IC741.
To study the Wien-bridge oscillators using op-amp IC741.
To study Schmitt trigger circuits using op-amp IC741

Digital Circuits Lab

104402P

Laboratory Subject • 1 Units

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Topics Part 1

To Implement Logic Gates NAND, AND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR - Construct and test the fundamental logic gates using digital ICs and verify their truth tables by applying various input combinations.
To Construct the Basic Gates Using Universal Gates - Design and implement AND, OR, and NOT gates using only NAND and NOR gates and validate their functionality with truth table verification.
To Verify the Truth Table of Half Adder and Full Adder - Implement half adder and full adder circuits using logic gates, observe their outputs for different binary inputs, and confirm their addition properties.
To Verify the Truth Table of Half and Full Subtractor - Construct and test the half subtractor and full subtractor circuits, analyze their outputs for various input conditions, and verify their correctness against theoretical truth tables.
To Convert Binary Numbers to Gray-Number Codes and Vice Versa - Develop and test a combinational circuit that converts binary numbers to gray code and vice versa, ensuring correctness through truth table validation.
To Verify the Truth Table of Multiplexer Using IC & Demultiplexer Using IC and Design Full Adder & Full Subtractor Using Multiplexer - Demonstrate the working of multiplexer and demultiplexer ICs, verify their functionality with truth tables, and use multiplexers to design a full adder and full subtractor.
To Convert a Given Octal Input to the Binary Output and to Study the LED Display Using 7-Segment Decoder/Driver - Implement a logic circuit that converts octal numbers to binary and analyze the working of the decoder by displaying outputs on a 7-segment display.
Truth Table Verification of Flip-Flops: (a) JK Master-Slave, (b) D-Type, (c) T-Type - Construct and test different types of flip-flops, observe their state changes for various input conditions, and verify their characteristic equations.
Design and Testing of Ring Counter/Johnson Counter - Design, implement, and analyze the working of ring and Johnson counters, verify their sequence of outputs, and compare them with theoretical predictions.
Realize the following shift registers using IC7474/IC 7495. (a) SISO (b) SIPO (c) PISO (d) PIPO

Prescribed Experiments

To Implement Logic Gates NAND, AND, NOR, EX-OR, EX-NOR - Construct and test the fundamental logic gates using digital ICs and verify their truth tables by applying various input combinations.
To Construct the Basic Gates Using Universal Gates - Design and implement AND, OR, and NOT gates using only NAND and NOR gates and validate their functionality with truth table verification.
To Verify the Truth Table of Half Adder and Full Adder - Implement half adder and full adder circuits using logic gates, observe their outputs for different binary inputs, and confirm their addition properties.
To Verify the Truth Table of Half and Full Subtractor - Construct and test the half subtractor and full subtractor circuits, analyze their outputs for various input conditions, and verify their correctness against theoretical truth tables.
To Convert Binary Numbers to Gray-Number Codes and Vice Versa - Develop and test a combinational circuit that converts binary numbers to gray code and vice versa, ensuring correctness through truth table validation.
To Verify the Truth Table of Multiplexer Using IC & Demultiplexer Using IC and Design Full Adder & Full Subtractor Using Multiplexer - Demonstrate the working of multiplexer and demultiplexer ICs, verify their functionality with truth tables, and use multiplexers to design a full adder and full subtractor.
To Convert a Given Octal Input to the Binary Output and to Study the LED Display Using 7-Segment Decoder/Driver - Implement a logic circuit that converts octal numbers to binary and analyze the working of the decoder by displaying outputs on a 7-segment display.
Truth Table Verification of Flip-Flops: (a) JK Master-Slave, (b) D-Type, (c) T-Type - Construct and test different types of flip-flops, observe their state changes for various input conditions, and verify their characteristic equations.
Design and Testing of Ring Counter/Johnson Counter - Design, implement, and analyze the working of ring and Johnson counters, verify their sequence of outputs, and compare them with theoretical predictions.
Realize the following shift registers using IC7474/IC 7495. (a) SISO (b) SIPO (c) PISO (d) PIPO

Analog Communication Lab

104404P

Laboratory Subject • 1 Units

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Topics Part 1

To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under modulation, perfect modulation & over modulation) and calculate the modulation index.
To study the working of the Balanced Modulator and demodulator.
To generate SSB using phase method and detection of SSB signal using Synchronous detector.
To study the process of frequency modulation and demodulation and calculate the depth of modulation by varying the modulating voltage.
To verify the spectrum of AM and FM signals using spectrum analyzer.
To study the frequency response of Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis circuits.
To study the frequency division multiplexing and De multiplexing Techniques.
To study the Pulse amplitude modulation & demodulation Techniques.
To study the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Demodulation Techniques.
To study the generation Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) and Demodulation.

Prescribed Experiments

To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under modulation, perfect modulation & over modulation) and calculate the modulation index.
To study the working of the Balanced Modulator and demodulator.
To generate SSB using phase method and detection of SSB signal using Synchronous detector.
To study the process of frequency modulation and demodulation and calculate the depth of modulation by varying the modulating voltage.
To verify the spectrum of AM and FM signals using spectrum analyzer.
To study the frequency response of Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis circuits.
To study the frequency division multiplexing and De multiplexing Techniques.
To study the Pulse amplitude modulation & demodulation Techniques.
To study the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and Demodulation Techniques.
To study the generation Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) and Demodulation.

Electronics Materials and Instrumentation Lab

104405P

Laboratory Subject • 1 Units

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Topics Part 1

Measurement of the Hall voltage developed across the sample material and estimation of the Hall coefficient.
Calculate the carrier concentration of the sample material (n-type and p-type semiconductor).
Characteristics of LDR, Photodiode, and Phototransistor.
Study the phenomena of magnetic hysteresis of a material.
Calculate the retentivity, coercivity, and saturation magnetization of a material.
Measurement of the resistivity of a semiconductor at room temperature.
Verification of the temperature coefficient of resistance of a semiconductor and metal.
Measurement of an unknown Inductance of medium-Q coil using Maxwell Bridge.
Measurement of Frequency using Wein's Bridge.
Measurement of R, L, & C using RLC Bridge.
Measurement of Displacement using LVDT.
Measurement of Pressure using Strain Gauge.
Measurement of Temperature using RTD, Thermistor and Thermocouple.
Perform actuations using the Pneumatic Actuator Trainer.
Calibration of pressure instruments using dead weight pressure gauge tester.

Prescribed Experiments

Measurement of the Hall voltage developed across the sample material and estimation of the Hall coefficient.
Calculate the carrier concentration of the sample material (n-type and p-type semiconductor).
Characteristics of LDR, Photodiode, and Phototransistor.
Study the phenomena of magnetic hysteresis of a material.
Calculate the retentivity, coercivity, and saturation magnetization of a material.
Measurement of the resistivity of a semiconductor at room temperature.
Verification of the temperature coefficient of resistance of a semiconductor and metal.
Measurement of an unknown Inductance of medium-Q coil using Maxwell Bridge.
Measurement of Frequency using Wein's Bridge.
Measurement of R, L, & C using RLC Bridge.
Measurement of Displacement using LVDT.
Measurement of Pressure using Strain Gauge.
Measurement of Temperature using RTD, Thermistor and Thermocouple.
Perform actuations using the Pneumatic Actuator Trainer.
Calibration of pressure instruments using dead weight pressure gauge tester.