INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

Which of the following causes a controlled variable to change?

1. Disturbance
2. Change in set point
3. Variation in load demand
4. All of the above

What is the resolution of a DAC with a maximum voltage of 15 volts and five input lines?

1. 4687
2. 4838
3. 2343
4. 2419

The derivative function gives the actuator ___________.

1. boost action
2. braking action
3. Both (i) and (ii)
4. None of the above

A square wave that is 20 volts at its On state and 0 volt at its Off state will produce an average DC voltage of ___________ when duty cycle is 75%.

1. 15 V
2. 10 V
3. 5 V
4. 5 V

The resistance of an RTD is:

1. directly proportional to the temperature
2. inversely proportional to the temperature
3. directly proportional to the square of temperature
4. inversely proportional to the square of temperature

Which of the following valves has the greatest flow capacity of all control valves?

1. Single-seated
2. Three-way
3. Butterfly
4. Ball

A unity feedback system has open-loop transfer function as G(s) =[16] / [s(s+16)]. The natural frequency of the system is:

1. 16
2. 8
3. 2
4. 4

Which of the following represents the application of inductive transducers?

1. Displacement measurement
2. Thickness measurement
3. Both displacement and thickness measurements
4. None of the above

Which of the following can act as a comparator?

1. Op-amp with negative feedback
2. Op-amp with positive feedback
3. Op-amp without feedback
4. None of the above

Transfer function represents the input-output relationship of a system, with initial conditions as:

1. zero
2. positive
3. negative
4. All of the above

Define the following: (i) Transducer (ii) Resolution (iii) Linearity (iv) Accuracy (v) Repeatability (vi) Calibration (vii) Backlash

Discuss in detail about the classification and elimination of error.

Differentiate among piezoelectric, inductive and capacitance-type transducers.

What are pyrometers? Explain with the help of neat sketch.

Explain the working of electrical resistance strain gauge. Explain how the resistance change of a strain gauge is measured with the help of Wheatstone bridge. Also, explain the methods of lead wire compensation and temperature compensation in case of strain gauge.

Explain the five basic laws of thermocouple behaviour and how these laws are useful in designing thermocouple for temperature measurement.

Consider a system with controller G_c, reference input R, and disturbance input D acting on the plant [1] / [s(s+2)]. If G_c is a proportional controller, G_c= K_p, what value of K_p will cause the steady-state error for a unit ramp reference input to be 0.1?

(a) If G_c is a proportional controller, G_c= K_p, what value of K_p will cause the steady-state error for a unit ramp reference input to be 0.1?

(b) If zero steady-state error for a unit ramp reference input is required, what form should the controller G_c take?

(c) For a unit-step disturbance input, what form of controller G_c should be chosen to make the steady-state error zero?

(d) Assume that the reference input is a unit step, the disturbance input is zero and proportional controller being used. What value (or values) of K_p will yield an underdamped system with a settling time of 4 seconds?

(e) Considering the same case as in part (d), what effect does increasing K_p have on the damping ratio?

With the help of a suitable example, explain the difference between open-loop control and closed-loop control.

For a given mechanical translational system with masses M₁, M₂, springs K₁, K₂, and damper B, find out the transfer function X(s)/F(s).

Explain the operations of the following: (i) Inverting op-amp (ii) Summing op-amp (iii) Differentiating op-amp (iv) Integrating op-amp.

What are the important requirements of a signal conditioner and how are they met?

For the open-loop transfer function G(s) =[400(s+1)(s+10)] / [s³(s+100)(s+1000)], sketch the Bode magnitude and phase diagrams. Sketch the diagrams for each term and then also sketch the total diagrams. Show the slopes of each section and of the total diagram.

1. Sensitivity analysis
2. Pneumatic actuators
3. Flow measurement sensors
4. ADC using successive-approximation register (SAR)
5. Optical encoders